First search for atmospheric and extraterrestrial neutrino-induced cascades with the IceCube detector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on the first search for atmospheric and for diffuse astrophysical neutrino-induced showers (cascades) in the IceCube detector using 257 days of data collected in the year 2007--2008 with 22 strings active. A total of 14 events with energies above 16 TeV remained after event selections in the diffuse analysis, with an expected total background contribution of $8.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.6$. At 90% confidence we set an upper limit of ${E}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{90%\mathrm{CL}}<3.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}s{r}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ on the diffuse flux of neutrinos of all flavors in the energy range between 24 TeV and 6.6 PeV assuming that $\ensuremath{\Phi}\ensuremath{\propto}{E}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and the flavor composition of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}\ensuremath{\mathbin:}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\mathbin:}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ flux is $1\ensuremath{\mathbin:}1\ensuremath{\mathbin:}1$ at the Earth. The atmospheric neutrino analysis was optimized for lower energies. A total of 12 events were observed with energies above 5 TeV. The observed number of events is consistent with the expected background, within the uncertainties.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".