Atomic force microscopy investigation of the dependence of cellular elastic moduli on glutaraldehyde fixation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The atomic force microscope (AFM) has provided nanoscale analyses of surfaces of cells that exhibit strong adhesive and cell spreading properties. However, it is frequently reported that prior fixation is required for reliable imaging of cells with lower adhesive properties. In the present study, the AFM is used to assess the effects of fixation by glutaraldehyde on the elastic modulus of a human rhabdomyosarcoma transfectant cell line RDX2C2. Our results show a sharp increase in the elastic modulus for even mild fixation (0.5% glutaraldehyde for 60 s), accompanied by a dramatic improvement in imaging reproducibility. An even larger increase is seen in NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts, although in that case fixation is not typically necessary for successful imaging. In addition, our results suggest that treatment with glutaraldehyde restricts the content of the resulting images to features nearer to the cell surface.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it