High Speed On-Chip Signal Generation for Debug and Diagnosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents methods and circuits for synthesizing test signals in the time/frequency domain. An arbitrary signal is first encoded using sigma–delta modulation in the digital amplitude-domain and converted to the time or frequency domain through a digital-to-time converter (DTC) or digital-to-frequency converter (DFC) operation realized in software. In hardware, the resulting bit-stream is inputted cyclically to a high-order phase-locked loop (PLL) behaving as a time-mode reconstruction filter in the appropriate domain (time or frequency). A high-speed prototype implementation consisting of a 4th order PLL built in 0.13 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process with an off-chip loop filter has been fabricated and used to generate signals at 4 GHz. The digital nature and portability of the phase/ frequency test signal generation process makes the proposed scheme compatible with the IEEE 1149.1 test bus standard and easily amenable to any testing environment: production, characterization, design-for-test (DFT), or built-in self-test (BIST).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".