Case study on seismic tunnel response
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a case study of the Bolu highway twin tunnels that experienced a wide range of damage during the 1999 Duzce earthquake in Turkey. Attention is focused on a particular section of the left tunnel that was still under construction when the earthquake struck and that experienced extensive damage during the seismic event. Static and dynamic plane-strain finite element (FE) analyses were undertaken to investigate the seismic tunnel response at two sections and to compare the results with the post-earthquake field observations. The predicted maximum total hoop stress during the earthquake exceeds the strength of shotcrete in the examined section. The occurrence of lining failure and the predicted failure mechanism compare very favourably with field observations. The results of the dynamic FE analyses are also compared with those obtained by simplified methodologies (i.e., two analytical elastic solutions and quasi-static elastoplastic FE analyses). For this example, the quasi-static racking analysis gave thrust and bending-moment distributions around the lining that differed significantly from those obtained from full dynamic analyses. However, the resulting hoop stress distributions were in reasonable agreement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".