Ontogeny of swimming movements in bronze corydoras (Corydoras aeneus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fish larvae experience fundamental morphological, physiological, and physical changes from hatching to adulthood. All of these changes have an effect on the locomotor movements observed in the larvae. We describe the development of swimming movements in larval bronze corydoras ( Corydoras aeneus (Gill, 1858); Ostariophysi, Siluriformes) during their ontogeny. Swimming movements of adults and larvae, aged 0–512 h posthatching, were recorded at 500 frames/s. Movements were analyzed by digitizing points along the fish midline. Movements are described by direct (swimming speed and amplitude of landmarks) and indirect (r2meanand CV of r2as movement coordination indices; Strouhal number as an efficiency index) parameters. The increase in swimming speed correlated with improvement of movement coordination in both larvae and adults, as well as with an increase in swimming efficiency in larvae. Directly after hatching, swimming movements were coordinated but were not efficient. Efficiency increased rapidly with fish growth up to 8 mm total fish length and disappearance of the yolk sac. These events were coupled with reduction of the maximal lateral amplitude observed along the whole body during swimming. The anguilliform swimming mode was used at hatching, but a transition to the carangiform mode was observed at approximately 17 mm total fish length.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".