Investigation of the absorption and scattering properties of onion scales at 632.8 nm
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measuring optical properties of onions is important for evaluating the quality of onions using optical or spectral techniques. This paper reports the measurements of the absorption and scattering properties of single-layer onion tissues at 632.8 nm. The outermost dry skin, 1st layer flesh scale, and 2nd layer flesh scale of Century and Vaquero onions were tested. An integrating sphere system was used to measure the total diffuse reflectance and total transmittance of the sandwiched onion tissues. The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the onion tissues were determined using the inverse adding-doubling method based on the measured reflectance and transmittance values. The light penetration depths in onion tissues were also estimated. The results showed that the mean absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of onion dry skin were about 40-50 times higher than the values of onion flesh tissues. The absorption and scattering coefficients of onion dry skin showed significant differences between Century and Vaquero onions. Also, the reduced scattering coefficients were much higher than the absorption coefficients for both onion dry skin and onion flesh tissue. The mean estimated light penetration depths in the dry skins of Vaquero and Century onions were 0.83 0.55 mm and 2.61 2.92 mm, respectively. The mean estimated light penetration depths in the flesh scales of Vaquero and Century onions was about 35.72 16.08 mm. The results presented in this study can be used for developing appropriate optical sensing approaches to test the quality attributes of onions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".