Risk and speed of transitions to first alcohol dependence symptoms in adolescents: a 10‐year longitudinal community study in Germany
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although in many western countries alcohol use (AU) and symptoms of alcohol dependence (AD) are frequent in adolescence, temporal patterns and trajectories remain understudied. It is unclear whether early onset of AU is associated with the speed of transition to first AD symptoms and whether specific first AD symptoms and their timing are associated with AD. AIMS: To examine (i) the incidence patterns of self-reported first AD symptoms; (ii) whether early AU is associated with the risk and speed of transition to first AD symptoms; and (iii) whether first AD symptoms and their timing are associated with AD. DESIGN: A total of 3021 community subjects from Germany aged 14-24 years at baseline followed prospectively over 10 years. AU, AD symptoms and AD were assessed using the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (DIA-X/M-CIDI). FINDINGS: Among first AD symptoms, tolerance (13.1%) and much time spent (5.0%) were most prevalent. Five to 30% of all first AD symptoms occurred during the first year after first AU. Early AU was not related to the risk of first AD symptoms. The speed of transition to first AD symptoms was greater among those with AU onset in later adolescence. Tolerance and loss of control were associated with AD development (risk difference 3.9% and 15.4%), as was early onset of tolerance, much time spent and loss of control. CONCLUSION: Early AU and early AD symptoms are frequent among adolescents. Early self-reported tolerance, much time spent and loss of control are particularly predictive for AD and important targets for early preventive interventions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".