Fall-related hip fracture trends 1991–2008: reduction of falls or increase in bone resistance?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Hip fractures (HF) are one of the most serious consequences of falls. In several countries, the incidence of HF has declined in recent decades. Primary factors responsible for this downward trend are unknown, but a reduction in exposure (falls) or increased resistance (bones and body mass index (BMI)) may have had an impact. Objectives (1) Examine fall-related HF trends in women ≥50 years from 1991–2008 in Quebec, Canada; (2) Examine trends in other severe fall-related injuries non-related to bone fragility, for example, traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Hospital admissions following falls (E880-E888; W00-W19, X59.0) with HF, TBI or other severe diagnosis (diagnosis survival probability <0.95) were selected. We used negative binomial regression models with annual percent change (APC) to assess trends in each of these fall-related injuries. Both age-specific (50–64, 65–74, 75–84 and ≥85) and age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated. Results The age-standardised rate for fall-related HF decreased (APC:−1.6%) from 292 to 237 per 100 000 in women ≥50 years between 1991–2008. HF rates declined in each age group. In contrast, the age-adjusted rate for severe fall-related TBI and other injuries increased throughout the study period (APC:+6.5% and +3.8%, respectively). These upward trends were observed for all age groups. Discussion/Conclusion The downward trend of HF seems to point towards increased bone/BMI resistance, since other severe fall-related injury rates (not related to such resistance) have increased.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".