Lack of CD28 expression on HIV‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes is associated with disease progression
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During HIV infection, CD8+ T cells lacking the costimulatory molecule CD28 increase in number and proportion. This accumulation is associated with disease activity and possibly with CD8+ T-cell dysfunction. In this study, CD8+CD28+ and CD8+CD28- T cells from 41 HIV-infected individuals at various stages of disease were compared in terms of HIV-specific cytotoxicity, TCR beta V repertoire diversity, and cytokine production. We found that the CD28 phenotype of anti-HIV CTL evolves in parallel with disease progression and disease activity. Absolute numbers of CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios progressively decreased in 3 groups with an increasing prevalence of CD28- HIV-specific CTL. Conversely, HIV replication levels progressively increased in parallel with the prevalence of CD28- HIV-specific CTL. Repertoire diversity at the level of TCR beta V gene family expression was maintained at normal levels for both CD28+ and CD28- T cells at all stages of infection. Diversity at the level of junctional length polymorphism was more restricted in the CD8+CD28- T-cell population, but this difference remained relatively constant through different stages of infection. Both CD28+ and CD28- T cells produced IL-2 and IFN-gamma, regardless of disease stage and/or the predominant CD28 phenotype of anti-HIV CTL.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it