Toxicity Screening of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) Hydrocarbons in Groundwater at Sour-Gas Plants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper a toxicity-based approach was used to assess the quality of groundwater samples collected from gas plants in western Canada. The gas plants selected were typical of plants currently in operation and represent a cross-section of hydrogeological conditions and of the sweetening processes in use. The focus was on the levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) group of hydrocarbons as indicator compounds for monitoring the degree of bioremediation and bioventing at the sites. Toxicity tests included bacterial luminescence (Microtox®), daphnia mortality, fathead minnow mortality and lettuce seedling emergence. In general, the concentration of BTEX was a good indicator of the toxicity of the groundwater. However, approximately 5% of the samples were observed to be toxic although the concentrations of BTEX were low (< 1 μg/L). Based on the laboratory results, the remediation of BTEX in groundwater at the sour-gas plants is expected to correlate well with the removal of acute toxicity to selected aquatic organisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".