A 65nm CMOS 0.1–2.1GHz linear-in-dB VGA with active-inductor bandwidth extension for the Square Kilometer Array
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a 65nm CMOS broadband linear-in-dB Variable-Gain Amplifier (VGA) circuit for use in the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) is proposed. Active inductor loads are used to extend the 3dB bandwidth of the VGA over previous designs. Measurements show that the VGA is broadband, has a 3dB upper band edge of 2.1GHz, and easily covers the mid-band SKA range from 0.7GHz to 1.4GHz. The VGA has a maximum controllable gain range from −12.5dB to +22.4dB and a linear-in-dB range with 1dB error from −12.5dB to +16dB. Measured input P1dB is approximately −22dBm. The power consumption of the VGA is 1.1mW with another 5.1mW consumed by an input-match circuit and 11mW consumed by an output buffer circuit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".