CO<sub>2</sub> + CH<sub>4</sub> Chemistry over Pd: Results of Kinetic Simulations Relevant to Environmental Issues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have determined the Arrhenius rate constants for 99 chemical reactions on palladium and solved the tightly coupled differential equations describing the chemical kinetics at a number of temperatures ranging from 350 to 700 K. The rate equations were integrated to a week of reactor run time. In this work, we discuss the valuable insights that can be gained by closely examining the chemistry ongoing on the first differential slice of the plug flow reactor. The two-component feed gas consisted of CO 2 and CH 4 with a total pressure of 1 bar. The CO 2 −CH 4 partial pressures employed ranged from 20−80% to 80−20%. In these temperature and pressure ranges, the system performs in the low-coverage regime. In addition to the feed gas, formaldehyde, methanol, molecular hydrogen, C 2 hydrocarbons, formic acid, acetic acid, ketene, water, and carbon monoxide evolve from the catalyst surface in the first differential slice of the plug flow reactor. The relative amounts of the desorbing reaction products are dependent on the operating temperature and the relative pressures. The results of our simulations are consistent with results reported in the experimental literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".