Role of Latent Viral Infections in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acute viral respiratory tract infections are well known to precipitate asthma attacks and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but their role in the pathogenesis of chronic disease is poorly defined. Double-stranded DNA viruses have the ability to persist in airway epithelial cells long after the acute infection has cleared. During these latent infections, viral genes are expressed at the protein level without replication of a complete virus. The expression of the adenoviral trans-activating protein has been demonstrated in the airway epithelium of both human and animal lungs and is associated with an amplification of the cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory response. Studies of cultured human airway epithelial cells have also shown that transfection with this viral gene upregulates the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin 8 by these cells when they are challenged with endotoxin. In guinea pigs, cigarette smoke-induced emphysema is amplified by latent adenoviral infection. Furthermore, this infection independently increased the number of CD-8 cells, whereas the cigarette smoke independently increased the number of CD-4 cells in the inflammatory infiltrate. On the other hand, allergen-induced lung inflammation was uninfluenced by latent adenoviral infection in the guinea pig, but the latent infection caused the eosinophilic component of this response to become steroid resistant. These studies suggest that latent adenoviral infections may have a role in the pathogenesis of obstructive airway disease by amplifying the response to cigarette smoke and inducing steroid resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".