Design for fire of concrete elements strengthened or reinforced with fibre-reinforced polymer: state of the art and opportunities from performance-based approaches
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent years have seen widespread success applying fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials for internal reinforcement and externally bonded strengthening of concrete structures. However, considerable reductions in mechanical and bond properties of FRP materials at elevated temperatures continue to hinder their application in buildings, where structural fire-resistance ratings are typically required. To meet currently imposed fire safety requirements, FRP materials often require supplemental fire protection insulation or thick concrete cover to maintain their temperature below an assumed (though not currently well-defined) “critical” value during an assumed standard fire exposure. Such requirements are based on a definition of structural fire resistance that is rooted in a prescriptive framework and that fails to take advantage of the state of the art in performance-based structural design for fire safety. This paper is intended to present a summary of the state of the art in this area and also to demonstrate clear opportunities for internal FRP reinforcement and external FRP strengthening of concrete elements that may arise from taking a performance-based fire safety design approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".