The reductive supercritical hydrothermal process, a novel synthesis method for cobalt nanoparticles: synthesis and investigation on the reaction mechanism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Highly crystalline cobalt nanoparticles with low surface oxidation were synthesized by the reductive supercritical hydrothermal process in the temperature range from 340 to 420 °C. Under these reaction conditions, hydrogen generated from formic acid decomposition is maximally soluble in water, enabling the effective reduction of cobalt ions and cobalt oxide. The reaction mechanism was investigated by kinetic analysis on the formation of cobalt nanoparticles. This analysis assumed the first order irreversible reaction and two different types of shrinking core models (chemical reaction and inter-diffusion dominated). According to the proposed reaction mechanism, cobalt monoxide is probably formed at the early reaction stage, where insufficient H2 is available, or under high temperature conditions. Moreover, cobalt monoxide influences the entire reaction rate. Thus, suppressing the formation and growth of cobalt monoxide is of primary importance in the optimal synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles by the reductive supercritical hydrothermal process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".