Scale-Dependence of the Predictability of Precipitation from Continental Radar Images. Part I: Description of the Methodology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The lifetime of precipitation patterns in Eulerian and Lagrangian space derived from continental-scale radar images is used as a measure of predictability. A three-step procedure is proposed. First, the motion field of precipitation is determined by variational radar echo tracking. Second, radar reflectivity is advected by means of a modified semi-Lagrangian advection scheme assuming stationary motion. Third, the Eulerian and Lagrangian persistence forecasts are compared to observations to calculate the lifetime and other measures of predictability. The procedure is repeated with images that have been decomposed according to scales to describe the scale-dependence of predictability. The analysis has a threefold application: (i) determine the scale-dependence of predictability, (ii) set a standard against which the skill for quantitative precipitation forecasting by numerical modeling can be evaluated, and (iii) extend nowcasting by optimal extrapolation of radar precipitation patterns. The methodology can be applied to other field variables such as brightness temperatures of weather satellites imagery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".