Effects of elevated selenium on body condition, oxidative stress, and organ health in greater scaup wintering at Lake Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Elevated selenium (Se) concentrations have been detected in tissues of greater ( Aythya marila ) and lesser ( A. affinis ) scaup and it has been hypothesized that these Se concentrations may be affecting scaup health and reducing survival and, thus, negatively affecting scaup populations in North America. We evaluated the influence of hepatic Se concentrations on lipid and protein reserves, organ masses, tissue health, and oxidative stress of greater scaup wintering at western Lake Ontario during December–March, 2006–2007. Although we detected Se at elevated levels, all greater scaup with physical abnormalities (13 of 73 birds) had Se concentrations below the acute health problem threshold established for mallards (33 µg/g). Neither organ masses, protein reserves, nor measures of oxidative stress were influenced by hepatic Se concentrations, whereas lipid reserves varied positively with hepatic Se concentrations. Results suggest that hepatic Se concentrations at levels recorded in our study do not affect body condition or physical health of greater scaup. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".