Selected Carbohydrate Metabolism Genes Show Coincident Expression Peaks in Grains of <i>In Vitro</i>-Cultured Immature Spikes of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An in vitro culture system is useful to study grain development under defined conditions to minimize confounding effects associated with whole plant studies and metabolite movement into the developing grains. The objective of this study was to monitor the expression patterns of carbohydrate metabolism genes during grain development in an in vitro wheat spike culture system. Immature spikes were cultured prior to anthesis, and grains were collected at various days postanthesis (DPA). Grains from cultured spikes showed maximum expression of starch metabolic genes by 10 DPA, with a rapid decline thereafter. The rapid increase and decrease in expression rate in the in vitro system was thought to be due to fructan exohydrolase (1-FEH and 6-FEH) or sucrose transporter 1 (SUT1) and sucrose synthase (SuSy) genes being highly expressed. SUT1 reached peak expression at 8 DPA, two days earlier than the other genes, and may account for the rapid early stage trigger in expression of the other genes. However, expression of 1-FEH and 6-FEH genes in in vitro-cultured spikes peaked at 12 DPA, two days later than the other genes, and could indicate that fructan catabolism was not a factor in the rapid accumulation of starch in the in vitro-cultured spikes. Accumulation of GBSSI polypeptides generally showed similar patterns in both systems, with the maximum amount in the in vitro system observed four days later than in the in planta spikes, reflecting different turnover controls of GBSSI transcripts. The in vitro system offers opportunities for further refinement and detailed grain development studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".