Heat Transfer to Water-Oxygen Mixtures at High Pressure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The constant pressure heat capacity and forced convection heat transfer coefficient was measured in a horizontal, smooth, electrically-heated tube. For the supercritical pressures considered, flow rates and temperatures (330–430 °C), the flow in the 6.2 mm ID tube was fully turbulent. The fluid was distilled water and up to 9 wt% oxygen. This mixture and the experimental conditions are found in supercritical water oxidation systems. At subcritical temperatures, the oxygen and water are almost immiscible, but just below the critical temperature, the fluid becomes single-phase. By measuring bulk and surface temperatures, knowing the mass and heat flux, both the heat capacity and heat transfer coefficient could be measured. The water-oxygen system is a highly non-ideal mixture, and small amounts of oxygen significantly reduce the temperature at which maximum heat transfer occurs. The changes in heat capacity appear to dominate the effect of oxygen on heat transfer, however, the mixtures do exhibit heat transfer deterioration at slightly subcritical temperatures, at flows and heat fluxes for which pure water shows nothing similar.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".