Numerical simulation of sonic boom propagation through atmospheric turbulence.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms by which atmospheric turbulence alters sonic boom rise times and peak overpressures, numerical calculations of sonic boom propagation through atmospheric turbulence have been performed using the NPE time domain model. Turbulence is incorporated into the model as a perturbation of the ambient sound speed that has a random spatial distribution determined by a von Karman energy spectrum. Each simulation employs a new realization of the turbulent field. Output from the finite difference solution includes high resolution movies showing the evolution of a full two dimensional wave field as it propagates from the upper region of the turbulent boundary layer to the ground. The evolution of wave forms corresponding to specific locations along the wave front is also obtained. Results are presented that illustrate how the magnitude, complexity, and spatial and temporal variabilities of the sonic boom wave field depend on turbulence spectrum parameters that represent atmospheric conditions. [V. Sparrow supported by NASA through Wyle Laboratories and by the FAA/NASA/Transport Canada PARTNER Center of Excellence.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".