An Overview of the Development of Ice Ridge Keel Strengths Test Program
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Development of Ice Ridge Keel Strengths is a four-year collaborative venture between the C—CORE Centre for Arctic Resource Development (CARD) and the National Research Council – Ocean, Coastal & River Engineering (NRC-OCRE). The main focus of the project is to investigate the failure mechanisms associated with gouging ice ridge keels and the conditions under which these keels will continue to gouge without failure. This is important for the design of subsea structures in shallow waters, where ice keels have been observed to scour the sea floor, posing a threat to pipelines and subsea infrastructure. A series of near full-scale keel-gouge tests were carried out to investigate the strength characteristics of a first-year ice keel and its subsequent failure as it was pushed into an artificial seabed. The ice keels were constructed using freshwater ice blocks with a nominal thickness of 10 cm, produced in a cold storage facility prior to the start of the test program. The ice keels were constructed with the aid of a keel former that produced idealized keel geometries of 1.7 m depth, 4 m length and 3.5 m width. Once constructed, the keels were lowered into the water and left overnight to consolidate with air temperatures held at −20°C. The keel samples were tested using a custom-built frame that was designed and used in the Pipeline Ice Risk Assessment and Mitigation (PIRAM) Joint Industry Project. The frame applied a vertical surcharge load to the top of the keel whilst a soil tray was displaced horizontally, causing the bottom of the ice keel to interact with an artificial seabed. A total of ten keel tests were conducted in this test program. The parameters varied were the initial temperature of the ice (−3° and −18°C), the initial surcharge pressure (5–60 kPa), the soil tray velocity (1–20 mm s−1) and the consolidation time (19–48 hrs). An overview of the test program and preliminary results are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".