Effects of di-, tri-, and tetraethylene glycols on the thermodynamic and micellar properties of Triton X-100 in water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Micellar and surface thermodynamic properties of aggregation of Triton X-100 (TX-100) in mixed solvent systems containing di-, tri-, and tetraethylene glycol with water have been investigated by employing surface tension, density, and fluorescence methods. The differences in Gibbs energies of micellization between water and binary solvent mixtures were determined to evaluate the influence of the co-solvent on the micellization process. From the surface tension measurements, the effects of the co-solvent on parameters such as surface excess, minimum area per molecule, and surface pressure indicate that the surface activity of the surfactant decreases with increasing concentration of the glycol co-solvent. Partial specific volumes, obtained from density measurements, indicate that the fraction of solvent molecules interacting with the micelles by hydrogen bonding vary with the type of additive. Fluorescence studies reveal that quenching of the pyrene probe by cetyl pyridinum chloride in TX-100 micelles is accompanied by simultaneous static and dynamic processes.Key words: Triton X-100, glycols, thermodynamics, micelles, fluorescence quenching.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".