Monitoring synchrotron X-ray-induced radiolysis effects on metal (Fe, W) ions in high-temperature aqueous fluids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Radiolysis-induced effects on aqueous tungsten ions are observed to form a precipitate within seconds upon exposure to a synchrotron X-ray micro-beam in a WO(3) + H(2)O system at 873 K and 200 MPa. In situ Fe K-edge energy-dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy (ED-XAS) measurements were made on Fe(II)Cl(2) aqueous solutions to 773 K in order to study the kinetics of high-temperature reactions of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) ions with transient radiolysis species. The radiolytic reactions in a fluid sample within a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell result in oxidation of the Fe(2+) ion at 573 K and reduction of Fe(3+) at temperatures between 673 and 773 K and of the Fe(2+) ion at 773 K. The edge-energy drift evident in the ED-XAS data directly reflects the kinetics of reactions resulting in oxidation and/or reduction of the Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) ions in the aqueous solutions at high temperatures. The oxidation and reduction trends are found to be highly consistent, making reliable determinations of reaction kinetics possible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".