Growing season energy and water exchange from an oil sands overburden reclamation soil cover, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The oil sands mining industry in Canada is required to return mining areas to a land capability equivalent to that which existed prior to mining. During the reclamation process, ecosystems are created that bear little similarity to boreal forests that existed prior to mining. Quantifying the water balance of reclaimed ecosystems is critical in establishing whether there is sufficient moisture for vegetation growth and in the fate of salts, which can be toxic when drawn to the surface or leached out of the covers. At Syncrude Canada Ltd's Mildred Lake mine north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, the surface energy balance was measured atop a reclaimed saline‐sodic overburden pile during three growing seasons using eddy covariance. At the onset of the study, the dominant vegetation was foxtail barley, which changed to sweet clover in 2004, and a low‐density species mix in 2005, including some aspen and white spruce seedlings. The 2005 growing season was cooler and wetter than 2003 and 2004, and there were seasonal differences in the delivery of precipitation among years. There were distinct differences in the surface energy balance among the study years related to weather, soil moisture, vegetation and stage of growth. Latent heat was the largest consumer of energy in 2003, and mid‐day fluxes of sensible and latent heat were approximately equal. In 2004, sensible heat became the dominant flux, primarily due to prolonged dry periods, whereas the wet 2005 season had the greatest latent heat flux density of any year. Ground heat flux declined throughout the growing season and ranged between 3 and 17% of net radiation. Total evapotranspiration was 246, 224 and 283 mm for 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. A total derivative analysis of the Penman‐Monteith equation reveals the influence of available energy, vapour pressure deficit and surface conductance in controlling evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".