An Experimental Study of the Dynamics and Temporal Evolution of Self-Trapped Laser Beams in a Photopolymerizable Organosiloxane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-trapping of a visible, continuous wave laser beam in a photopolymerizable organosiloxane was studied at intensities ranging across 10 orders of magnitude (3.2 × 10 −5 to 12 732 W·cm −2 ). The process was characterized in detail through spatial intensity profiles of the beam, temporal monitoring of its width and peak intensity combined with optical microscopy of the resulting self-written waveguides. These observations revealed a rich diversity of dynamic phenomena during the self-trapping process in different intensity regimes, including (i) complementary oscillations in width and peak intensity of self-trapped beams, (ii) in situ sequential excitation of high-order modes (corresponding to optical fiber modes) in self-written cylindrical waveguides, (iii) variations in modal composition during the transition of self-written waveguides from single to multimode guidance, (iv) generation of spatial diffraction rings, and (v) beam filamentation. Quantitative analyses of parameters such as self-focusing time, self-trapped beam width and light transmittance gave new insight into details of the self-trapping mechanism, particularly the significance of the spatial profile (gradient) of refractive index changes induced in the medium. The results of this comprehensive experimental study provide a deep understanding of the dynamics of self-trapping in a photopolymerizable medium, including the general process of waveguide self-writing, and are consistent with some predictions of earlier theoretical models, the most significant being the rare opportunity to individually observe high-order optical modes during the evolution of the waveguide. In addition, entirely new features such as the emergence of spatial diffraction rings require further theoretical and experimental investigations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".