Independence and Economic Security in Old Age
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Preface 1. Introduction and Overview / Frank T. Denton, Deborah Fretz, and Byron G. Spencer Part 1: Population Aging and the Definition of 2. How Old Is Old? Revising the Definition Based on Life Table Criteria / Frank T. Denton and Byron G. Spencer 3. The Future Population of Canada and Its Age Distribution / Frank T. Denton, Christine H. Feaver and Byron G. Spencer Part 2: Family, Health, and Economic Security in Later Life 4. Independence of Older Persons: Meaning and Determinants / Susan E. French, Margaret Denton, Amiram Gafni, Anju Joshi, Jason Lian, Parminder Raina, Carolyn J. Rosenthal and Donald J. Willison 5. Changes in Work and Family over the Life Course: Implications for Economic Security of Today's and Tomorrow's Older Women / Carolyn J. Rosenthal, Margaret Denton, Anne Martin-Matthews and Susan E. French 6. Income, Health, Disability, and the Functional Independence of the Elderly / Parminder Raina, Larry W. Chambers, Margaret Denton, Micheline Wong, Andria Scanlan, Amiram Gafni, Susan E. French, Donald J. Willison, Anju Joshi and Carolyn J. Rosenthal 7. Health, Age, and Financial Preparations for Later Life / Margaret Denton, Parminder Raina, Jason Lian, Amiram Gafni, Anju Joshi, Susan E. French, Carolyn J. Rosenthal and Donald J. Willison 8. Unpaid Time Contributions by Seniors in Canada / Jason Lian, Anju Joshi, Roberta Robb, Margaret Denton, Amiram Gafni, Carolyn J. Rosenthal and Donald J. Willison Part 3: Age Patterns of Income, Saving, and Expenditure 9. Cohort, Year, and Age Effects in Canadian Wage Data / John B. Burbidge, Lonnie Magee and A. Leslie Robb 10. Saving Before and After Retirement: A Study of Canadian Couples, 1969-92 / Xiaofen Lin 11. How Well Does the Consumer Price Index Serve as an Index of Inflation for Older Age Groups? / Frank T. Denton and Byron G. Spencer Part 4: Retirement and Pension Issues 12. The Economic Consequences of Unexpected Early Retirement / Lynn McDonald, Peter Donahue and Victor Marshall 13. The Independence and Economic Security of Older Women Living Alone / Rebecca Smith, Lonnie Magee, A. Leslie Robb and John B. Burbidge 14. The Poverty of Retired Widows / Lynn McDonald, Peter Donahue and Brooke Moore 15. The Effect of the Tax-Transfer System on Retirement Savings / Deborah Fretz and Michael R. Veall Contributors Index
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".