Effect of current rate on energy deposition into exploding metal wires in vacuum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents direct experimental proof of a significant increase of energy deposition into a metal core before voltage breakdown with the current rate for nanosecond exploding wires in a vacuum. This effect is demonstrated for nine different refractory and nonrefractory metals. The strongest influence of current rate was demonstrated for tungsten wires. Increasing the current rate from 20 to 150 A/ns changes the wire core from a solid to a cluster-like state. For nonrefractory metals such as Ag, Al, Cu, and Au, fast explosion allows deposition inside a metal core 1.5–2.9 times the atomization enthalpy before voltage breakdown. The slow explosion, with 20 A/ns, gives 2–3 times less energy deposition before voltage breakdown than the fast-explosion mode. The current-rate effect is important for optimization of wire ablation, reduction of the mass left behind in the wire-array load, and final x-ray yield in modern multi-MA wire-array Z-pinch facilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".