Instabilities and solitary structures in plasmas with ion beams: Linear theory and Vlasov simulations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The instabilities and solitons in plasmas with cold and relatively weak (nb∕ne⩽0.1) sonic (vb∼vs) ion beams are investigated by linear perturbation theory and Vlasov-Poisson simulations. The properties of beams and plasmas under consideration are comparable to those observed in the solar wind and in the Earth auroral zone near 1 RE. It is found that in the nonlinear phase, after the saturation of the unstable waves, the subsonic rarefactive and supersonic compressional solitary structures can be formed. Their propagation velocities are slightly below or above the ion sound velocity vs, lengths are of the order of 20–50 electron Debye lengths λDe, amplitudes δn∕n∼0.03–0.3 and eϕ∕(κBTe)∼0.01–0.1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".