Double Diffusion in Saline Powell Lake, British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Powell Lake contains a deep layer of relic seawater separated from the ocean since the last ice age. Permanently stratified and geothermally heated from below, this deep layer is an isolated geophysical domain suitable for studying double-diffusive convection. High-resolution CTD and microstructure measurements show several double-diffusive staircases (Rρ = 1.6 to 6) in the deep water, separated vertically by smooth high-gradient regions with much larger density ratios. The lowest staircase contains steps that are laterally coherent on the basin scale and have a well-defined vertical structure. On average, temperature steps in this staircase are 4 mK, salinity steps are 2 mg kg−1, and mixed layer heights are 70 cm. The CTD is capable of measuring bulk characteristics of the staircase in both temperature and salinity. Microstructure measurements are limited to temperature alone, but resolve the maximum temperature gradients in the center of selected laminar interfaces. Two different algorithms for characterizing the staircase are compared. Consistent estimates of the steady-state heat flux (27 mW m−2) are obtained from measurements above and below the staircase, as well as from microstructure measurements in the center of smooth interfaces. Estimates obtained from bulk interface gradients underestimate the steady-state flux by nearly a factor of 2. The mean flux calculated using a standard 4/3 flux law parameterization agrees well with the independent estimates, but inconsistencies between the parameterization and the observations remain. These inconsistencies are examined by comparing the underlying scaling relationship to the measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".