Investment Banking as a Subject of Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Investment Banking is an American synonym of Merchant Banking. Merchant Banking originated in the 13th century in the European countries. As far as the origin of this term is concerned, it is told that earlier Merchants used to attend to extending of loans and arranging finance for trade but as the time passed the subject of banking assumed more importance and the Merchants switched over to banking activities,hence the term Merchant Banking.Rapid industrialization in India has led to the setting up of new industrial units and Expansion,Diversification, and Modernization of existing units. The need for having expert advice and the guidance of Specialists in the field has therefore become Imperative.Only Merchant Banking can offer these services.In India,Investment Bankers are often called Merchant Bankers.Merchant Banking is a Non-Banking Financial activity similar to banking.Merchant Banks are neither Merchants nor are they necessarily Banks. These are Financial Institutions providing valuable services like acceptance of bills of exchange, corporate finance,Portfolio Management and Banking services.According to J.A.P Herbert king,”Merchant “Banking is what Merchant do.”M.J.Rosenberg has defined Merchant Bank,as “an organization that underwrites securities for corporations,advices such clients on Mergers,and is involved in the ownership of commercial ventures ”.E.Reid in his presidential address to Institute of Bankers in London stated that “these organizations are sometimes Banks which are not Merchants,and sometimes Merchants who are not Banks and sometimes houses which are neither Merchants nor Banks.The notification of the Ministry of Finance,India defines a Merchant as “any person who is engaged in the business of Issue
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".