Flow Regime Observations in a Vertical Annulus With an Inner Roughened Tube
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The efficiency and safe performance of a nuclear power plant is often reliant upon a solid understanding of the multiphase flow phenomena that occurs in various components and piping networks throughout the heat transport loops. Depending upon the conditions, various flow regimes can be observed and each of these flow regimes would have a different impact upon the heat transfer and pressure drop of the component or piping that the two-phase mixture is traveling in. Thus, many researchers have performed significant studies to predict flow regime. Over the past several years, the maintenance and inspection efforts at various nuclear power plants have shown that ageing phenomena are occurring including corrosion, cracking, erosion phenomena, and deposition of materials. One of the effects of such phenomena is the roughening of the surface which would impact the nature of fluid behaviour, heat transfer behaviour, and mass transfer at the surface. Relationships for surface conditions and pressure drop/heat transfer are already established for single phase flow conditions albeit with significant uncertainty. Yet, the relationships for multiphase flow have not been established and it is assumed that the surface effects are covered through the single phase component. In this work, experimental studies are performed for a vertical annulus geometry. The apparatus consists of glass tubing to allow visualization of the flow regime inside the tubes. The glass tube material is also a reference case for the smooth tube. Experiments are performed in a bubble column mode for superficial gas velocities up to 0.5 m/s. Observations are taken at various developing lengths and varied water inventories. The results are compared to previous work which shows that the smooth tube results match previous measurements. The inner surface of the tube is modified by forming a thin layer of material over the glass surface. The material is initially moldable and allows for the imprinting of different surface shapes and roughnesses. The material cures in a few hours and is resistant to erosion or dissolution in water. Thus, the surface conditions are changed on the inner tube. The experiments indicate that the flow regime transition from bubbly to slug flow and from slug to churn flow occur at lower superficial gas velocities.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".