ATTENUATED COLD-INDUCED VASODILATATION AFTER REPEATED COLD-WATER IMMERSION OF THE HAND
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Outdoor workers routinely expose the hands to the cold during winter. After cold adaptation, the hands may stay warmer during cold exposure, because of blunted cutaneous vasoconstriction and/or enhanced cold-induced vasodilatation. The time course of this response has not been well documented. PURPOSE To investigate the effect of repeated cold exposure on hand temperature during cold-water immersion. METHODS Ten subjects (7 males, 3 females) of age 28±8y (mean±SD) immersed their right hand for 30 min up to the styloid processes in 8°C water for 3 weeks (5 d/wk). Nine control subjects (5 males, 4 females, age 26±4y) immersed their hand only at the beginning and end of this period. Skin temperature of the right index finger was measured continuously during the 30-min water immersion with an insulated thermister placed next to the nail bed. RESULTS Minimum finger temperature decreased from 10.6±1.2°C to 9.6±0.8°C after 3 weeks. This decrease was different (P=0.04) from that of the control group (9.6±0.9°C before, 9.9±0.8°C after). The mean finger temperature over the 30-min immersion dropped from 14.2±1.9°C before to 12.0±1.5°C after cold adaptation, and this drop was different (P=0.05) from that of the control group (12.5±1.6°C before, 12.5±1.8°C after). The onset and amplitude of cold-induced vasodilatation did not change significantly, although there was a tendency toward a delayed onset and attenuated amplitude. Time-course analysis of the modeled mean finger temperature data revealed that after a single exposure 76% of the adaptation had occurred, and 90% of cold adaptation was reached by day 5. The minimum finger temperature was 100% adapted after a single exposure. CONCLUSION Unexpectedly, repeated cold-water immersion rapidly resulted in colder hands during subsequent exposure, probably due to enhanced vasoconstriction and attenuated cold-induced vasodilatation. These data suggest that cold adaptation will not enhance hand temperature or function but may put the hands at a greater risk of cold injury when exposed to cold circumstances. Supported by NSERC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".