Nonlinear time-dependent density functional theory investigation and visualization of ionizations in CO<sub>2</sub> — Effects of laser intensities and molecular orientations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) studies of the ionization of CO2 by intense laser pulses Io ≥ 1 × 1014 W/cm2, at 800 nm are presented using the LB94 and the LDA potentials. Results reveal that for lower laser peak intensity, Io = 3.5 × 1014 W/cm2, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) contributes significantly to ionization owing to its lower ionization potential (IP), whereas the inner orbitals play the important role for higher laser peak intensities. Even though such lower orbitals have higher IP, the ionization process occurs when orbital densities are maximum along the direction of the laser field polarization. These findings are confirmed through the analysis of the images from the time-dependent electron localization function (TDELF) and the spectra of higher order harmonic generation (HOHG). Additionally, in spite of the IP difference between Kohn–Sham orbitals from LDA and LB94 potentials, our results show almost the same trend for both.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".