Bibliographic record
Abstract
Comparisons between Canada and the United States are of interest to many Canadians, accustomed to regularly comparing many aspects of life with their neighbours to the south. Because the United States is viewed by many as the world's leading economy, Canadians and others around the world will often make comparisons to the economic benchmarks of the United States. One particular aspect of Canada-US economic comparisons that receives much attention are Canada-US labour market comparisons. A great deal of concern was expressed in the 1990s about the gap that developed between the Canadian and US labour markets especially in the early 1990s, when the Canadian economy experienced a more severe recession than the US economy. This paper will review the continuing divergent patterns in the two labour markets, including a general recovery in Canada's relative labour-market performance in more recent years, and the detailed sectoral, age, and regional developments that underlie that recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".