On breaking internal waves over the sill in Knight Inlet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes a new series of numerical simulations of stratified flow over localized topography which has been designed to address issues arising from a recently published sequence of detailed observations from a coastal oceanographic setting. Results demonstrate that the numerically simulated flow is very similar to that which develops in Knight Inlet, British Columbia, a fjord which is subject to periodic tidal forcing, and that the detailed dynamical characteristics of this flow are also strikingly similar to those of severe downslope windstorms that often occur in the atmosphere. A typical sequence of events observed in such flows includes the ‘breaking‘ of a forced stationary internal wave induced by the topography, which results in irreversible mixing and the formation, through wave–mean flow interaction, of a decelerated mixed layer that extends downstream from the level of breaking. The formation of this mixed layer is a necessary precondition for transition of the flow into a supercritical hydraulic regime in which a low–level high–velocity jet develops in the lee of the topographic maximum. Simulations with both fixed inflow velocity and harmonically varying inflow velocity are performed and intercomparison of the results clearly demonstrates that flow evolution in the unsteady forcing case can be described, to reasonable approximation, by the results of the corresponding quasi–steady simulations, at least during the accelerating stage when inflow velocity is slowly increasing. At later times of flow evolution, however, the well–mixed fluid accumulates and the flow enters a statistically steady hydraulic–like regime which is characterized by a constant mean drag exerted by the topography on the flow even while the inflow velocity slowly decreases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".