Polyandry and Sex Ratio in the Song Sparrow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polyandry occurs when females form social bonds and gain simultaneous parental care from multiple male mates. It is thought to be rare in birds and to occur more often in territorial species when the Operational Sex Ratio (OSR; ratio of mature males to females) exceeds one. We asked if variation in the OSR affected the rate of polyandry in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) over 30 years on Mandarte Island, British Columbia, Canada. We found no correlation between OSR and polyandry (Rs = 0.04, df = 28, P = 0.86), but positive correlations between OSR and percent females with more than one social mate (Rs = 0.44, df = 28, P = 0.01), and percent females sharing a territory with a replacement male and her dependent young (Rs = 0.46, df = 28, P = 0.009). We suggest that polyandry in Song Sparrows is limited by the intolerance of territorial males towards intruders, but that it occurs when females occupy the territories of two or more males and gain their simultaneous care for the dependent young of a single brood as a consequence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".