Pacifism or Anti-Imperialism?: The CCF Response to the Outbreak of World War II
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Examining the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation's response to the outbreak of World War II, this paper shifts the focus away from J.S. Woodsworth's allegedly “pacifist” refusal to support the war effort. Instead, it explores the context and language of the broader debate among CCFers regarding militarism, fascism and imperialism. Very rarely was this debate framed in pacifist terms. It was axiomatic to the CCF that the twin evils of fascism and war were the products of capitalism and that war among capitalist powers retained an imperialist character. Acquiescing to participation in such a war was not only unprincipled but also undermined the basis upon which a socialist, working-class identity could be constructed. Once the war was under way, the CCF could hardly deny its initial ambivalence to the war, but chose to restate it in pacifist terms that were less challenging to the Canadian state, the allies, and the war effort.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".