Pacifism or Anti-Imperialism?: The CCF Response to the Outbreak of World War II
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Examining the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation's response to the outbreak of World War II, this paper shifts the focus away from J.S. Woodsworth's allegedly “pacifist” refusal to support the war effort. Instead, it explores the context and language of the broader debate among CCFers regarding militarism, fascism and imperialism. Very rarely was this debate framed in pacifist terms. It was axiomatic to the CCF that the twin evils of fascism and war were the products of capitalism and that war among capitalist powers retained an imperialist character. Acquiescing to participation in such a war was not only unprincipled but also undermined the basis upon which a socialist, working-class identity could be constructed. Once the war was under way, the CCF could hardly deny its initial ambivalence to the war, but chose to restate it in pacifist terms that were less challenging to the Canadian state, the allies, and the war effort.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.022 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".