Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dielectric relaxation time of pure bulk water has been determined from the dielectric loss tangent scans against temperature at two frequencies. After calculating the frequency-independent background loss, the relaxation loss was obtained, and the relaxation time determined. The dielectric relaxation time of water is 35 +/- 13 s at 136 +/- 1 K, which is comparable with its structural relaxation time of ca. 33 s estimated from its T(g) endotherm (G. P. Johari, A. Hallbrucker and E. Mayer, Nature, 1987, 330, 552). Therefore, water is an ultraviscous liquid at 136 K, and this removes the basis for a comparison-based inference that water is a rigid glass up to a temperature of 165 K or higher (Y. Yue and C. A. Angell, Nature, 2004, 427, 717). The method yields satisfactory values for the relaxation time of stable glasses at their known calorimetric T(g).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".