Therapeutic Efficacy of Dexamethasone Phonophoresis on Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis in Elderly Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: The knee joint osteoarthritis is one of the important causes of disability and is more frequent in menopausal women.Phonophoresis is a therapeutic method using ultrasound to enhance percutaneous absorption of drugs.This study was aimed at evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone phonophoresis in the management of knee osteoarthritis in elderly women.Materials and Methods: 55 women aged 56.03±5.7 years who had mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis were randomly allocated into 3 groups.First group (n=18) received ultrasound (as control group), second group (n=18) received phonophoresis of 4mg dexamethasone ampoule and third group (n=19) received phonophoresis of 0.4% dexamethason gel.All groups were treated with an ultrasound program using stroking technique, pulse mode, 1.5 W/cm2, 5 minutes per session for 10 sessions.Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain severity and Western Ontario and McMaster universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the time up and go test (TUG) were evaluated before and after treatment in all groups.Results: The VAS, total WOMAC and TUG scores were significantly improved after treatment in all groups (P<0.001).The group receiving phonophoresis of dexamethasone ampoule showed more significant effects in reducing pain and improving function and mobility among three groups.Conclusion: Our results indicated that both ultrasound and phonophoresis of dexamethasone are effective methods in pain relief and improving function in mild and moderate knee osteoarthritis but phonophoresis of dexamethasone ampoule is better than the other treatments and it is suggested as an available method for treatment of knee osteoarthritis symptoms..
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".