Effects of glucose polymer with and without potassium and different diets on glycogen repletion after a treadmill exercise test in endurance horses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glycogen repletion involves absorption of glucose and its uptake into the muscle cells through GLUT‐4 transporters. In the muscle and adipose tissue GLUT–4 transporters facilitates the glucose transport in the presence of insulin and K+. Potassium supply has been shown to stimulate insulin secretion. This study tested the effects of a glucose polymer added with electrolytes containing potassium (GP+K) compared to a glucose polymer with electrolytes without potassium (GP‐K) on glycogen repletion. Also it compared the effect of different diet adaptations on glycogen repletion. Six horses were fed a diet rich in sugar and starch (SS), and six horses a diet rich in fat and fibre (FF) for 6 months before the test. In a crossover designed study, 12 trained Arabian or Arabian cross horses were submitted to a glycogen depleting exercise test on the treadmill. After exercise stopped six horses were supplied with GP‐K and six other horses supplied with GP+K, at a dose of 5 g/kg BW, and a rate of 1 g/kg BW/hour through naso‐gastric gavage. Muscle biopsies were taken before, just after they stopped exercise, and 16 h after they had been supplied with glycogen replacing formulas, and analysed for muscle glycogen. Blood was taken before, after 3 h of exercise, after the stepwise exercise test, at 0, 1 and 4 h after exercise stopped and analysed for plasma glucose, insulin and [K+]. Muscle glycogen decreased from 516.41 ± 12.92 glucosyl units/kg dry weight muscle to 408.74 ± 12.92 glucosyl units/kg dry weight muscle (79%). Sixteen hours after the repletion protocol horses recovered their muscle glycogen to 458.53 ± 12.91 glucosyl units/kg dry weight muscle (89%). Plasma glucose had a glucose polymer by sampling effect (p = 0.013) and a feed by sampling effect (p = 0.022). Plasma glucose was higher in SS fed horses at 1 and 4 h after exercise. Plasma glucose was lower in GP+K supplied horses 4 h after exercise. Plasma insulin had a trend (p = 0.070) for a glucose polymer effect. No differences were found in muscle glycogen between the two GP treatments. Although the present results demonstrate that intensive nasogastric supplementation with glucose polymer can result in glycogen repletion approaching that following i.v. administration, the addition of potassium conferred no advantage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".