Low temperature oxidation for the remediation of soil contaminated with motor oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) react with oxygen by low temperature oxidation (LTO) to produce a coke-like solid residue, carbon oxide gases, and vaporized hydrocarbons. The feasibility of using LTO to remediate sandy soil contaminated with motor oil has been investigated in a plug flow reactor operated at temperatures between 150 and 221 °C and with air injection fluxes ranging from 0.40 to 2.28 m3(ST)·m–2·h–1. Low temperature oxidation occurred in three successive periods: the induction period during which the oxygen depletion in the reactor exit stream remained small, the middle period characterized by peaks in oxygen depletion and carbon oxide concentrations, and the tailing period corresponding to very gradual decreases in oxygen depletion and carbon oxide concentrations. The extents of oxidation measured in our tests ranged from 29 to 37 moles O2/kg oil. Soil samples treated at temperatures between 167 and 176 °C met all the Tier 1 levels of the Canada Wide Standard for PHCs in coarse-grained surface soils, except those for soil contact and protection of ground water. Concentrations of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil samples treated at 167 and 176 °C complied with the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for all soil types. Key words: low temperature oxidation, petroleum hydrocarbons, remediation, soil, motor oil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".