Democracy and Bureaucracy in the Age of the Web
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The foundations for governance in an information age are developing through the World Wide Web as it becomes the principal electronic public gateway into government organizations. Governmental openness is now important to a variety of strategies for governmental reform. The Web (a) makes government more efficient; (b) facilitates the functioning of new network-like arrangements between public organizations, the private sector, and citizens; and (c) empowers citizens to play a stronger role in interacting with government. We describe the concept of organizational openness and summarize a methodology to measure it on a worldwide basis. Data from 1997 through 2000 are presented, showing rapid diffusion of the Web and variation in levels of openness, even across countries with similar levels of economic and political development. Bureaucracies adopt Web technologies as a function not of traditional diffusion processes, but of emergent institutional isomorphism. Short-term prospects for responsive government improve, but so do unrealistic expectations affecting government legitimacy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".