Shape- and Size-Controlled Synthesis of Monoclinic ErOOH and Cubic Er<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> from Micro- to Nanostructures and Their Upconversion Luminescence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A general approach has been developed for the synthesis of monoclinic ErOOH and cubic Er2O3 structures with high yield and controlled size and shape via the solvo-hydrothermal reaction of erbium nitrate in water/ethanol/decanoic acid media. The monoclinic ErOOH phase was formed at relatively low temperature (120-140 degrees C); however, the cubic Er2O3 phase was obtained at higher temperature (160-180 degrees C). By simply tuning different experimental parameters, such as the reaction temperature, the concentration of decanoic acid and erbium precursor etc., different sizes from 3 nm to 3 microm, and a variety of shapes including cores/dots to spheres, wrinkle-surfaced spheres, flowers, dog bonds, wires, rods, bundles, straw sheaves, and brooms can be achieved. The particle size of products decreased from micro- to nanometer as the decanoic acid concentration increased from 0.038 to 0.190 M. Furthermore, by using anhydrous ethanol instead of water-ethanol solvents, the particle size significantly decreased from 18 nm spheres to 3 nm cores. At high precursor monomer concentrations (76.25-152.50 mM), the nanorods were also obtained due to the anisotropic growth. On the basis of this study, a correlation between the experimental parameters and the phase, shape, and size of the products was proposed. The upconversion luminescence properties depend not only on crystalline phase but also on particle size of the products. The luminescence intensity increases with the decrease of particle size from micro- to nanometers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".