Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the wakelike and jetlike axial flows of a tip vortex were investigated experimentally at Re = 3.07 x 10 5 . Both square and round tips were tested. Along the wing tip, a pocket of a higher- than-freestream, or jetlike, fluid was continually present, regardless of the tip condition and airfoil angle of attack α. Its maximum velocity increased with α and always exhibited a peak value around the trailing edge. In the near field, this jetlike fluid pocket was entrained by the shear layers and the wing wake, and it resulted in a wakelike axial flow for smaller α. For higher α, the jetlike fluid pocket was, however, surrounded by the shear layers that, in turn, protected it from the destructive effects of the wing wake and remained jetlike. The switchover angle at which the axial flow switched from wakelike to jetlike appeared around 7 deg, regardless of the tip condition, which also coincided with the angle at which the lift-to-drag ratio was a maximum. Finally, the round-tip-produced vortex was more concentrated and had a higher peak tangential velocity and core circulation but a smaller core radius compared with those of the square tip.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".