Stimulation of regulatory volume increase (RVI) in avian articular chondrocytes by gadolinium chloride
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chondrocytes, the resident cell-type of articular cartilage, are responsible for the regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to their physico-chemical environment. Due to the nature of cartilage loading, chondrocytes are exposed to constant changes in extracellular osmolality with a gradual increase throughout the day. As an increase in osmolality attenuates matrix synthesis, we have studied cell volume regulation (regulatory volume increase (RVI)) after hypertonic challenge and the regulation of RVI by the actin cytoskeleton. Using freshly isolated avian articular chondrocytes, changes in actin organisation were studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy following a 43% increase in extracellular osmolality. Using calcein-loading chondrocytes, the capacity for RVI was determined and the rate of volume recovery (t1/2) mathematically extrapolated. Following an increase in extracellular osmolality there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in cortical actin, inhibited by the removal of extracellular calcium EGTA or by the addition of 100 micromol.L-1 gadolinium chloride. Most cells exhibited slow RVI (t1/2 = 55.5 +/- 5.5 min), whereby inhibition of actin polymerisation by gadolinium chloride or the removal of extracellular calcium significantly increased the rate of volume recovery via a bumetanide-sensitive pathway (t1/2 of 29.6 +/- 6.5 min and 13.8 +/- 3.1 min, respectively). These data suggest the Na+-K+-2Cl(-) (NKCC) co-transporter regulated by the actin cytoskeleton is involved in avian chondrocyte RVI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".