A Review of Candidate Pathways Underlying the Association Between Asthma and Major Depressive Disorder
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To consider the mechanisms that may link asthma and major depressive disorder (MDD). Asthma and MDD co-occur at higher rates than expected, but whether this reflects shared underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is not known. Methods: A review of the epidemiological data linking asthma and MDD was conducted and the possible biological mechanisms that could account for the high rate of this comorbidity were reviewed. Results: MDD occurs in almost half of patients with asthma assessed in tertiary care centers. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis may predispose people to both MDD and asthma, and similar alterations in the immune, autonomic nervous, and other key systems are apparent and may contribute to this increased risk of co-occurrence. Conclusions: High rates of MDD in asthma may result from the stress of chronic illness, the medications used to treat it, or a combination of the two. The high level of co-occurrence may also reflect dysregulation of certain stress-sensitive biological processes that contribute to the pathophysiology of both conditions. ANS = autonomic nervous system; CD4 = cluster of differentiation 4; COX = cyclooxygenase; COX-2 = cyclooxyenase-2; CRH = corticotrophin-releasing hormone; GC = glucocorticoid; GR = glucocorticoid receptor; HPA = hypothalamic pituitary adrenal; ICAM-1 = intracellular adhesion molecule-1; IDO = indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase; IgE = immunoglobulin E; IL = interleukin; MDD = major depressive disorder; NFkB = nuclear factor kappa B; NKA = neuropeptides; NO = nitric oxide; PDE4 = phosphodiesterase-4; PG = prostaglandin; PGE2 = prostaglandin E2; Th2 = Type 2 T-helper cell; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it