CMOS time‐to‐digital converters for mixed‐mode signal processing
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study provides an in‐depth review of the principles, architectures and design techniques of CMOS time‐to‐digital converters (TDCs). The classification of TDCs is introduced. It is followed by the examination of the parameters quantifying the performance of TDCs. Sampling TDCs including direct‐counter TDCs, tapped delay‐line TDCs, pulse‐shrinking delay‐line TDCs, cyclic pulse‐shrinking TDCs, direct‐counter TDCs with interpolation, vernier TDCs, flash TDCs, successive approximation TDCs and pipelined TDCs are studied and their pros and cons are compared. Noise‐shaping TDCs that reduce in‐band noise below technology limit are investigated. These TDCs include gated ring oscillator TDCs, switched ring oscillator TDCs, relaxation oscillator TDCs, ΔΣ TDCs and MASH TDCs. The performance of sampling and noise‐shaping TDCs is compared. The direction of future research on TDCs is explored.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it