Hydrological and geomorphological significance of rock glaciers in the dry Andes, Chile (27°–33°S)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The latitudinal‐altitudinal distribution of rock glaciers in the dry Chilean Andes between 27° and 33°S was analysed and their hydrological and geomorphological significance evaluated. Statistical estimation techniques were used based on digital elevation models and air photo interpretation, and sediment budget models were applied to assess surface‐lowering rates. The estimated specific density of rock glaciers in the study area is 1.4 per cent, which corresponds to 147.5 km2 and a water equivalent of 2.37 km3. A comparison with glacier water equivalents derived from revised glacier inventory data shows that rock glaciers are more significant stores of frozen water than glaciers between 29° and 32°S. The latitudinal‐altitudinal distribution of rock glacier limits roughly follows the mean annual air 0°C isotherm, but in the southern part of the study area it extends into elevations where modern regional mean annual air temperatures exceed 0°C. High Andean surface‐lowering rates inferred from rock glacier sediment budget models are in the order of 0.6–0.7 mm yr−1, which is comparable to previous results from the dry Chilean Andes, but lower than in the more humid Andes further south. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".