A population-based study of direct health care costs for treatment of Paediatric concussions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Paediatric concussions are an important reason for children to seek care from their physician or in the Emergency Department. Although there are strategies that can help prevent concussions, including environmental changes such as improved playground surfacing, and behavioural changes, such as increased use of bicycle helmets, there is a paucity of information related to the direct costs of concussions. The objective of this study was to provide estimates of the direct costs of paediatric concussions. Methods Using linked administrative health data, children were identified with an index healthcare visit between 2008 and 2010 for a concussion using The National Ambulatory Care Reporting System for children attending an Emergency Department, and the Ontario Health Insurance Programme, for those in a physician's office. Total healthcare costs were calculated subsequent to the index visit, and included physician follow up visits, hospital admissions, and diagnostic imaging. Costs were standardised to 2010 dollars, and did not include any out-of-pocket costs to the family. Results There were 19 799 children with index visits for concussions in Ontario during the two study years. The average cost per patient for an index ED visit was $219.64 and $46.13 for an office visit, amounting to a total estimated cost of $2 944 956.46. The total cost of follow up ED visits was $129 819.36, and $246 437.63 for follow-up office visits. The total cost of hospitalisation was $106 037.54, while the cost of imaging was $129 741.24. Conclusions Concussions represent a significant financial burden on the health care system. Strategies to prevent concussions can include reference to the substantial cost of treating these children within the health care system. Ongoing research can include indirect costs, as well as other costs incurred by families that have not been included in this analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".