A dynamic model of the electroosmotic droplet switch
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A capillary switch is a bi-stable system of liquid/gas interfaces with a trigger to toggle back and forth between the two stable equilibrium states. We use an electro-osmotic pump as trigger. The pump, consisting of two electrodes and a porous substrate arranged between the droplets, moves volume between the droplets. This bistable system is called an electro-osmotic droplet switch. With the pump off, for low total volumes, the stable states are a pair of identical sub-hemispherical droplets or, for large enough total volumes, a large-small droplet configuration (two mirror-symmetric states). With the pump on, these stationary states are shifted and, if the pump strength is too great, there are no stationary states at all. In this article, we report the pump-on behavior as a modification of the pump-off behavior. To build the dynamic model of the system, we first develop a characterization of the electro-osmotic pump in the spirit of the Blake-Kozeny correlation for viscous flow through a packed bed. The control-volume model is based on center-of-mass motion. Model predictions compare favorably to observation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".